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懷孕期間孕婦經常有腳腫經驗，因為逐漸膨大的子宮可能壓迫靜脈，而影響血液回流。

「醫師，我本來以為生產完後，腳腫就會消退，但是我的腳卻越來越腫。」三十多歲的年輕婦人指著明顯腫脹的左腿抱怨著。

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照護線上

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照護線上

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現單側腳腫時，往往要考慮到深部靜脈栓塞，所以醫師安排了進一步檢查，成大醫院心臟內科陳柏偉醫師回憶，「經由血管攝影發現她骨盆腔裡的髂靜脈已被血栓完全阻塞，所以我們利用導管介入將血管打通。這患者的狀況較特殊，她的髂靜脈先天上被隔壁的髂動脈壓迫，然後又加上懷孕，所以使得靜脈血流受阻，漸漸形成血栓而完全阻塞。」

利用導管打通血管後，靜脈血液終於可以順利回流，患者的左腳便漸漸消腫。陳柏偉醫師說，倘若反覆出現靜脈栓塞，就得考慮置放髂靜脈支架，抵抗外在壓迫讓血管保持暢通。 .

深部靜脈栓塞影響血液回流，嚴重恐截肢

陳柏偉醫師指出，在正常狀態下，血管中不應該出現血栓，如果發現血栓就必須積極尋找原因，例如凝血功能有問題、使用某些藥物而讓血液較容易凝固、血管中有放置管路、血管遭到壓迫、或是因為長時間臥床而缺乏活動等。

深部靜脈栓塞可以分成急性與慢性，陳柏偉醫師解釋，急性深部靜脈栓塞最常見的症狀是單側腳腫，如果深部靜脈栓塞很厲害，下肢血液完全無法回流，將導致脹痛、肢體發紫，若不及時搶救，恐怕會演變成腔室症候群，而需要截肢的狀況。

慢性靜脈栓塞臨床上不容易辨別，患者的腳可能沒有很腫，但是肢體末端出現色素沉積，顏色變得比較深，甚至會形成一些難以癒合的慢性傷口。

深部靜脈栓塞還可能導致另一個相當致命併發症，即「肺動脈栓塞」，因為深部靜脈的血栓可能隨著血液流回右心房、右心室，再被送入肺動脈，肺動脈被血栓阻塞時，血液便無法進行氣體交換，使身體缺氧。患者會突然感到呼吸困難、喘不過氣，是臨床上重要的急症之一。

「懷疑深部靜脈栓塞時，一般會安排靜脈血管超音波檢查」，陳柏偉醫師說明，「通常在血管超音波下，動脈血管壓不扁，靜脈血管壓的扁。所以若超音波發現靜脈血管壓不扁的時候，代表靜脈壓力過高，靜脈回流有問題。」

發現深部靜脈栓塞時，醫師會評估靜脈栓塞的位置與嚴重度，然後擬定治療計畫，陳柏偉醫師提醒，「當然也得找出形成血栓的原因，有些患者是因為腳腫來就醫，結果在詳細檢查後發現是癌症、血液疾病、或紅斑性狼瘡等問題。解決深部靜脈栓塞的同時，也要針對原因治療，以降低深部靜脈栓塞復發的機會。」 .

積極治療，打通靜脈栓塞

陳柏偉醫師說明，出現深部靜脈栓塞時需要使用抗凝血劑，較輕微的患者可以使用口服抗凝血劑，較嚴重的患者得住院使用針劑抗凝血劑。

若狀況更嚴重，便需要血管介入治療，「我們會進行血管攝影，確定血栓的狀況，然後放置『溶栓導管』。」陳柏偉醫師說，「醫師可以經由大腿或小腿的靜脈放入導管延伸到肚子的大靜脈，讓溶栓導管位置涵蓋血栓，然後經由溶栓導管釋放溶栓藥物。在滴注半天到一天後，大多就能發揮血栓溶解的效果。」

血管介入治療除了可以放置溶栓導管，還可能會搭配氣球擴張或放置靜脈支架，以提升治療成效，降低日後深部靜脈栓塞復發的機率。

「如果患者肚子內的髂靜脈有狹窄或纖維化，可以考慮放入特製的靜脈支架。」陳柏偉醫師說，「由於靜脈管徑較大、血壓較低，容易遭到壓迫，所以可以使用支撐力較足夠的靜脈支架，以維持靜脈暢通。」 .

血管介入，處理洗腎廔管

近年來血管介入的技術已相當成熟，可以處理深部靜脈栓塞、冠狀動脈狹窄、周邊動脈阻塞，也可以處理動靜脈廔管的問題。

洗腎廔管是將動脈與靜脈接在一起，以進行血液透析。「因為患者每周需要三次血液透析，維持洗腎廔管的暢通相當重要。」陳柏偉醫師解釋，「洗腎廔管一般會比靜脈表淺一點，所以只要把手輕輕擺在上面，就可以感覺到血流一陣陣通過的感覺。患者可以自行觸摸，如果感覺血流變弱、消失，就要趕快回診讓醫師檢查。」

醫師可以使用超音波檢查血流、以及血管是否有阻塞，爾後可以進行血管攝影，了解血管阻塞的狀況。「如果洗腎廔管狹窄，可以進行導管氣球擴張，恢復暢通。」陳柏偉醫師說，「如果較晚就醫，血管裡已經有血栓形成，所需要的術式有可能會比較複雜。」

陳柏偉醫師提醒，洗腎患者記得每天評估洗腎廔管，可以用手觸摸，評估血流快速通過的感覺是否變弱、消失；可以用眼睛看，看看手臂是否出現不對稱腫大，這些都是血管狹窄使血流受阻的徵象。

另外，洗腎廔管若出現紅腫、疼痛、流血不止等狀況，請盡快回診，及早治療才有機會保存洗腎廔管的功能！ .

【本文由「照護線上」授權轉載，原文出處：突然腳好腫，嚴重會致命！深部靜脈栓塞醫師圖文解說】

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