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下背痛可能是「骨質疏鬆」的警訊！羅東博愛醫院復健醫學科科主任何春生表示，臨床上患者常會因為下背痛，前來就醫後發現有骨質疏鬆的問題，另外也有許多人是出現脆弱性骨折（如：輕微跌倒就手腕骨折、踢到東西就腳趾骨折等）、身高減少、駝背越來越嚴重等情形。
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作者
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類別
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日期
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連結
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作者
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類別
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日期
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連結
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何春生主任提醒，民眾如果出現上述臨床症狀，又合併體重過輕或是多重內科疾病患者，就要懷疑可能是「骨質疏鬆症」，應及早就醫與評估，透過雙能量X光吸收儀（DXA）檢測了解骨密度、確定診斷，經專業評估後如果是屬於骨鬆高風險族群或是嚴重骨鬆的患者可以遵照醫囑，考慮先使用促骨生成藥物治療。
骨質疏鬆有地域差異 偏鄉地區骨鬆較嚴重
骨質疏鬆的發生率主要受到生活習慣的影響。何春生主任指出，不同地區的居民面臨不同的骨質健康挑戰。都市地區因飲食西化及運動量不足，骨質疏鬆問題較為普遍；然而，研究顯示，雲嘉南地區的骨質疏鬆情況也相當嚴重。
醫師呼籲，除了調整飲食外，日照充足與否也會影響骨質健康，建議民眾適當接受日照，促進維生素D生成，以減少骨質流失的風險。
女性50歲後每3人就1人骨鬆 「這些」都是高危險群
不過，這並不代表其他地區的民眾就不需要重視骨質疏鬆的問題。何春生主任表示，根據健保資料庫統計，50歲以上的停經後婦女大概三分之一都有骨鬆的風險，年紀是危險因子之一，以下族群其實都是高風險族群，應特別注意：
- 年紀（女性50歲以上、男性70歲以上）
- 早期停經
- 家族有骨質疏鬆病史
- 體重過輕
- 合併有慢性病共病（如：糖尿病、腎臟病等）
- 長期使用類固醇（如：風濕免疫科自體免疫患者、胸腔科慢性肺阻塞肺病患者等）
用DXA檢測骨密、診斷骨鬆 及早發現、治療避免骨折
目前臨床上會以雙能量X光吸收儀（DXA）進行骨密度檢測來診斷是否有骨質疏鬆症。何春生主任表示，檢測時會測量兩邊髖關節、腰椎等三個位置，並取其中最差的T值作為身體的骨密度，如果T值≦-2.5就屬於骨質疏鬆，建議要介入治療，不過如果T值≦-3.0則為嚴重骨鬆，這時就要採取積極的介入措施。
何春生主任建議，女性45－50歲接近停經前後，或是因婦科問題提早停經者穩定治療後都應考慮進行一次DXA檢測，另外男性65－70歲左右，或是被診斷出有慢性腎臟或糖尿病、長期使用類固醇等民眾，也建議應追蹤DXA檢測。
若未及時發現、治療骨質疏鬆而不幸發生骨鬆性骨折，不只會影響生活、行動，甚至會有死亡的風險。何春生主任指出，臨床上至少有2－3成的脆弱性骨折患者合併有骨鬆的問題，若為髖關節骨折，國人髖部骨折一年死亡率為14%，五年死亡率高達42%，非常驚人，不過慶幸的是根據台灣健保資料庫的實證研究發表指出透過骨鬆藥物治療後可以明顯降低國人的全因死亡率。
治療藥物分為抗骨流失藥物、促骨生成藥物
嚴重骨鬆應遵照醫囑考慮先用促骨生成藥增加骨密
骨質疏鬆治療藥物簡單分為兩類藥物，治療概念就有如替骨本銀行「開源節流」，一類為抗骨流失藥物，能幫助骨本銀行「節流」；第二類為促骨生成藥物，可以「開源」增加骨密度。
在健保給付上，目前都需要先有骨折發生並符合相關條件才會予以給付，不過骨鬆專科醫師臨床執行時多會希望骨質疏鬆的患者在骨折發生前就進行治療，並建議採「先行增加骨密度，鞏固骨骼」的治療策略，依患者情況考慮先使用促骨生成藥物，再續接抗骨流失藥物。
何春生主任表示，如果是T值≦-3.0的嚴重骨鬆患者，或是T值在-2.5－-3.0之間，但有2處以上的骨折或合併其他內科問題的極高風險患者，建議遵照醫囑考慮先使用促骨生成藥物治療，因為促骨生成藥物可以很快地將骨密度補上，臨床相關研究指出，骨鬆藥物使用順序，先使用促骨生成藥物再銜接抗骨流失藥物，幫助提升骨密度。
何春生主任提出治療個案分享中就有位50多歲的婦女，雖有規律運動與日曬活動，感覺該婦女生活型態似乎不錯，但檢查骨密度T值卻是-3.5，屬於嚴重骨質疏鬆症。回朔患者病史後發現原來患者在40歲時，因為婦科疾病接受子宮全切除術而提早停經。針對這名患者，醫師評估後建議可直接選擇自費促骨生成藥物，目的是讓骨密度先行增加。
搭配復健與肌力訓練可提升生活品質 持續治療、追蹤也很重要
而除了藥物治療外，何春生主任表示，搭配復健治療，適度的進行負重、肌力與平衡訓練等，提升肌力與協調性，有助於減少跌倒風險，進而降低骨折的機率，直接有效地提升骨質疏鬆患者的生活品質。
另外，持續維持性治療也很重要，何春生主任指出，如果停止治療，骨質疏鬆的再發率會超過一半以上，民眾應將骨鬆視為慢性病持續追蹤、治療，除了「三高」以外，也要注意骨密度「一低」，定期篩檢、早期發現並主動諮詢相關專科意見，由專業醫療人員提供適當的治療方式，若在用藥期間有不良反應或副作用建議應第一時間與臨床專業人員做進一步地討論，避免自行停藥或中斷治療。
Ref：https://www.ylh.gov.tw/?aid=102&pid=0&page_name=detail&iid=72
本衛教訊息由台灣安進協助提供
TWN-162-1124-80005
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